Chemical Articles
Crude petroleum processing. The processing of petroleum is done to make the
crude oil ready to apparently occur in a fairly long groove. Crude oils
composed of various materials were initially separated by their boiling points
into fractions through a distillation process. The fractions are then purified,
refined by their molecular structure, then cleaned from impurities, and finally
added with additive materials to become a ready-to-use fuel product.
Processing Oil Process If you want to know how oil is processed so
that it becomes a ready-to-use product, follow the flow chart or chart and the
steps that explain the following petroleum processing processes.
Distillation
or Fractionation The first stage that must be passed in the crude petroleum
processing process is distillation. Distillation (often called fractionation)
is the process of separating fractions in petroleum based on different boiling
points. The distillation process is usually carried out on an airtight high
furnace. Crude petroleum is flown into it to be heated under atmospheric
pressure at 370 ° C. The heating of this crude then makes the fractions in
petroleum separate. The fraction with the lowest boiling point will be at the
top of the furnace, whereas the fraction that has a high boiling point will be
at the base of the kiln. Some fractions of this petroleum distillation process
have been described in the previous article about petroleum fractions.
- Cracking The fractions generated from the distillation process are then purified (refinery) through the cracking process. Cracking is the step of petroleum processing performed to break down large molecules of hydrocarbon compounds into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, such as the processing of the fraction of diesel oil or kerosene into gasoline. The cracking process can be done in 3 ways, ie thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking'
- Reforming After the purification through cracking, the petroleum processing stage continues with the reform process. Reforming is the process of changing the molecular structure of a poorly sized fraction (straight carbon chain) to a better quality fraction (branched carbon chain) carried out with the use of a catalyst or heating process. Because it is done to alter the molecular structure, this process can also be called the isomerization process.
- Alkylation and Polymerization After improved molecular structure, the fractions generated from crude petroleum processing then through alkylation process and polymerization. Alkylation is the step of adding the number of atoms in the fraction so that the fraction molecules become longer and branched. The alkylation process uses the addition of a strong acid catalyst such as HCl, H2SO4, or AlCl3 (a Lewis strong acid). While the polymerization is the stage of incorporation of small molecules into larger molecules in the fraction so that the quality of the final product will be increased
- Treating Treating is the process of purifying the petroleum fraction through the elimination of impurities which are included in the process of processing or derived from raw material of crude oil. The impurities removed in the treating process include unpleasant odors through copper sweetening and doctor treating, mud and color through acid treatment, paraffin through dewaxing, asphalt through deasphalting, and sulfur through desulfurizing.
- Blending The last step in the process of processing petroleum so that produce materials ready for use is a blending process. Blending is a step taken to improve product quality through the addition of additive materials into the petroleum fraction. The additive materials used are one of them is tetra ethyl lead (TEL). TEL is an additive used to raise the octane number of gasoline
Can you give give me explanation about distillation?
BalasHapusOne of the most important applications of distillation methods is the separation of crude oil into sections for special uses such as for transportation, power generation, heating, etc. [3]. The air is distilled into components such as oxygen for medical use and helium for balloon fillers. [9] Distillation has also been used extensively for concentration of alcohols by applying heat to fermented solutions to produce distilled drinks [10].
Hapus1.Simple distillation
Laboratory distillation equipment
In simple distillation, the basis of the separation is a distant boiling point difference or with one component being volatile [11]. If the mixture is heated, the lower boiling point components will evaporate first. [10] In addition to the difference in the boiling point, there is also a difference in cevolatility, ie the tendency of a substance to become a gas [9]. This distillation is carried out at atmospheric pressure. [11] Simple distillation applications are used to separate water and alcohol mixtures [10
2. Fractionation distillation
The fractionation distillation function is to separate the liquid components, two or more, from a solution based on their boiling point difference. [10] This distillation may also be used to mix with a boiling point difference of less than 20 ° C and work at atmospheric pressure or at low pressure. [11] Applications of this type of distillation are used in the crude oil industry, to separate the components in crude oil [12] simple fractionation and distillation distillation is the presence of a fractionation column. [10] In this column there is a gradual heating with different temperatures on each plate [13]. This different heating aims to purify more distillates than the plates underneath. [13] The more up, the less volatile the liquid is. [13]
Steam distillation
A rotary evaporator is able to distill solvent more quickly at low temperatures through the use of vacuum.
3.Steam distillation
Steam distillationis used in a mixture of compounds having a boiling point of 200 ° C. or more [14]. Steam distillation can evaporate these compounds at temperatures close to 100 ° C in atmospheric pressure using steam or boiling water. [14] The fundamental property of steam distillation is that it can distill a mixture of compounds below the boiling point of each of the compounds thereof. [15] In addition steam distillation may be used for water-insoluble mixtures at all temperatures, but may be distilled with water. [11] The application of steam distillation is to extract some natural products such as eucalyptus oil from eucalyptus, citrus oil from lemon or orange, and for the extraction of perfume oil from plants. [14]
The mixture is heated through water vapor which is flowed into the mixture and possibly coupled with heating. [13] The steam from the mixture will rise upward into the condenser and finally into the distillate gourd. [13]
Vacuum distillation
4. vacuum distillation is usually used if the compound to be distilled is unstable, in the sense that it can decompose before or near its boiling point or a mixture having a boiling point above 150 ° C. [11] This distillation method can not be used in low-boiling solvents if the condenser is to use cold water, since the volatile component can not be condensed by water. [11] To reduce the pressure used vacuum pump or aspirator. [11] Aspirator serves as a pressure-reducer in this distillation system. [11]
What distinguishes the quality of petroleum types with one another?
BalasHapusThe quality of gasoline is determined by the isooktane content known as the octane number. The octane number is a measure of the fuel's ability to overcome a tap when burning in a machine. The octane 0 value is set for flammable n-heptane, and a value of 100 for non-combustible isooktane. A mixture of 30% n-heptane and 70% isooktane would have an octane number:
HapusWhat is the function of octane number?
BalasHapusthanks
Simply put, the octane number is the ratio between the isooktana and heptane content, the higher the octane value the knocking effect on the machine is getting minimal, and vice versa.
HapusIn general, branched chain alkanes have higher octane values than their straight chain isomers. For example n-hexane has an octane value of 25, whereas 2,2 dimethyl butane has an octane value of 92.
Pertamax has an octane value of 92, meaning that the fuel quality is equivalent to a mixture of 92% isoctane and 8% n-heptane. However, it does not mean that pertamax consists of only two types of compounds (92% isoctane and 8% n-heptana), but the quality or number of beats is equal to 92% isoctane and 8% n-heptane.
The fraction of gasoline from the distillate has a low octane value. This happens because most of the gas from the distillation product consists of straight chain alkanes. The octane rating of gasoline should be increased before it can be used as a vehicle fuel. This can be done by reforming or adding anti-tapping substances. Reforming is a prosea for converting straight chain alkanes into branched chains, thereby increasing the octane rating.
A little tetratimbal, (CH3CH2) 4Pb, in gasoline improves the octane rating but is not preferred for environmental reasons, so most gasoline now no longer contains lead. The safer anti-tapping agent is methyl tertiery buthyl ether (MTBE).
However, unleaded gasoline must contain hydrocarbons with high octane numbers. Thus, it is necessary to develop methods for converting straight chain hydrocarbons into branched chains. For that reason, it is necessary to do isomerization process with certain catalyst to produce hydrocarbon with branched chain.
what is the name of a good quality gasoline type?
BalasHapusPremium
HapusPremium or clear yellowish gasoline. Premium contains RON 88, the lowest among the three types of motor vehicle fuel marketed in Indonesia.
Premium weakness a.l. The use of premium in high-compression engines will cause knocking which causes reduced engine power resulting in waste or inefficiency.
Premium uses additional dyes, generating large amounts of NOx and Cox, and premium production of more local components.
Pertamax
Pertamax is highly recommended for motor vehicles manufactured after 1990, especially vehicles using electronic fuel injection (EFI) technology and catalytic converters (catalytic converters).
Pertamax has several advantages, namely lead free, value or RON 92, higher than premium, can receive pressure on high compression engine so it can work optimally on piston movement, and produce NOx and Cox in very little amount compared to premium.
Pertamax Plus
Pertamax Plus is a type of fuel that has met the performance standards of International World Wide Fuel Charter (IWWFC). Pertamax Plus is commonly used in vehicles with a compression ratio of at least 10.5, and using electronic fuel injection (EFI) technology, variable valve timing intelligent (VVTI), VTI, turbochargers, and catalytic converters.
Some of the advantages of fuel pertamax Plus type, which is lead free, RON 95, higher than pertamax, can receive pressure on high compression engine that can work optimally on the piston movement. , Can clean up deposits of fuel injectors, inlet valve, and combustion chamber that can reduce vehicle engine performance, and can dissolve water in the car tank so as to prevent rust and corrosion in the fuel tanks and tanks.
BBM Pertamax Plus is intended for high-tech and environmentally friendly vehicles. Toluene as an octane enhancer. Produce NOx and Cox in very little amount compared to other BBM.
Pertalite
The quality of Pertalite is above Premium and below Pertamax. Some of Pertamina's pertalite advantages are:
1. Cleaner than premium because it has RON above 88.
2. Dibanderol with cheaper price than pertamax.
3. Has a green color with clear visual appearance and bright.
4. There is no lead content and has a maximum sulfur content of 0.05 percent m / m or equivalent to 500 ppm.
When first launched, many riders are curious and try this type of fuel Pertalite. It can be said, with the mid price between Premium and Pertamax, Pertalite can be a favorite type of fuel because it is in the "middle class".
What factors affect the cracking process?
BalasHapusSteam Cracking is one of the processes in the petrochemical industry that breaks the saturated hydrocarbon chain into an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with a smaller number of carbon (C) atoms. This process is a basic method in the industry for producing lighter alkene or commonly called olefins including ethene or often called ethylene and also propene or propylene.
HapusThese arrangements include three main variables that greatly affect the steam cracking process, namely:
A. Temperature
At a temperature of 400 ° C, the hydrocarbon chain breaks the chain at the bond in the middle of the molecule. By increasing the temperature, the chain break occurs increasingly at the bonds approaching the ends of the molecule, resulting in smaller molecular weight products and more quantities, and allowing time efficiency for shorter residence times.
B. Residence Time (residence time)
A short residence time results in the formation of more olefins. Meanwhile, if the residence time increases, it will increase the likelihood of secondary reaction, such as coke formation and oligomerization.
C. Hydrocarbon Pressure (hydrocarbon pressure)
The formation of olefins having a low molecular weight will increase the pressure. Therefore, the reaction is expected to take place under low pressure. The addition of steam is carried out during the process to reduce the partial pressure of the hydrocarbons and also to decrease the coke formation.
From your article, what is the important point?
BalasHapusCrude petroleum processing. The processing of petroleum is done to make the crude oil ready to apparently occur in a fairly long groove. Crude oils composed of various materials were initially separated by their boiling points into fractions through a distillation process. The fractions are then purified, refined by their molecular structure, then cleaned from impurities, and finally added with additive materials to become a ready-to-use fuel product.
HapusProcessing Oil Process If you want to know how oil is processed so that it becomes a ready-to-use product, follow the flow chart or chart and the steps that explain the following petroleum processing processes.
Distillation or Fractionation The first stage that must be passed in the crude petroleum processing process is distillation.
Some fractions of this petroleum distillation process have been described in the previous article about petroleum fractions.
1. Cracking The fractions generated from the distillation process are then purified (refinery) through the cracking process.
2. Reforming After the purification through cracking, the petroleum processing stage continues with the reform process.
3. Alkylation and Polymerization After improved molecular structure, the fractions generated from crude petroleum processing then through alkylation process and polymerization.
4. Treating Treating is the process of purifying the petroleum fraction through the elimination of impurities which are included in the process of processing or derived from raw material of crude oil.
5. Blending The last step in the process of processing petroleum so that produce materials ready for use is a blending process.